Software Piracy Problem Free Essays

Programming theft is a rising issue in the United States, however around the globe. In 1993 overall programming robbery cost 12. 5 billion dollars to the product business, with lost 2. We will compose a custom paper test on Programming Piracy Problem or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now 2 billion dollars in the United States alone. Assessments show that more than 40 percent of U. S. programming organization incomes are created abroad, yet about 85 percent of the product industry’s robbery misfortunes happened outside of the United States outskirts. The Software Publishers Association showed that roughly 35 percent of the business programming in the United States were acquired illicitly, which 30 percent of the robbery happens in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, each PC must have its own arrangement of unique programming and the suitable number of manuals. It is unlawful for an enterprise or business to buy a solitary arrangement of unique programming and than load that product onto more than one PC, or loan, duplicate or disseminate programming under any circumstances without the earlier composed assent of the product producer. Numerous product directors are worried about the lawful consistence, alongside resource the executives and expenses at their associations. Numerous organizations include their legitimate offices and HR with respect to programming dispersion and authorizing. In 1974, Congress made the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to examine whether the advancing PC innovation field outpaced the current copyright laws and furthermore to decide the degree of copyright assurance for PC programs. CONTU reasoned that while copyright insurance ought to reach out past the exacting source code of a PC program, developing case law ought to decide the degree of security. The commission likewise felt that copyright was the best option among existing licensed innovation defensive components, and CONTU dismissed competitive innovation and licenses as practical defensive instruments. The CONTU report brought about the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report goes about as casual authoritative history to help the courts in deciphering the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was altered to expressly incorporate PC programs. Title 17 to the United States Code expresses that it is unlawful to make or to disseminate duplicates of copyrighted material without approval, aside from the clients option to make a solitary reinforcement duplicate for chronicled purposes. Any composed material (counting PC programs) fixed in an unmistakable structure is viewed as copyrighted with no extra activity with respect to the creator. In this manner, it isn't essential that a duplicate of the product program be stored with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be secured as copyrighted. In view of that then a copyright is a property right as it were. So as to keep anybody from selling your product programs, you should request that a government court stop that individual by an order and to give you harms for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The most effective method to refer to Software Piracy Problem, Essay models

Windows Xp Vs Os X essays

Windows Xp Vs Os X articles The new working frameworks discharged by Microsoft and Apple in the previous year are generally unexplored. The new working framework by Apple in called Mac Os X. The new discharge by Microsoft is called Windows XP or Windows Experience. These working frameworks are a major advancement from the old frameworks. In contrast to different updates, these frameworks look and act totally not quite the same as the past forms. In this paper I will discuss what the more seasoned frameworks resembled, Mac Os X and Windows XP. The more established frameworks were not worked for a considerable lot of the things that we need today. At the point when the first OSs (Operation Systems) were worked in when the Internet was not mainstream and when there were no high realistic games, Mp3 or Digital films. Throughout the years the frameworks included utilities to help these things. The issue was they were not worked in to the activity framework initially. This is one reason the old frameworks were entirely questionable. Another issue was that the appearance of the Os was not going to win a design appear. This is on the grounds that the PCs back than were moderate. Things have changed at this point. Macintosh Os X has been underway for a long time. The new framework is made for the Internet and advanced media. This framework has been nicknamed Aqua the Spanish word for water. Individuals call it water since it would appear that water. This is simple on they eyes making it so individuals won't be as worried when utilizing it. This framework is entirely solid. In a progressively close to home note I have not had the option to crash my PC with Os X running. The new activity framework is open source. Open source is the place the code to program for the working framework is free. Apple chose to utilize open source to make it so individuals will make programs for Os X. Audits of the activity framework show that individuals like it, yet wish there were more projects accessible. Numerous Software organizations have declared titles for Os X. So the Future searches splendid for this cutting edge Operation ... <!

Experts Tips on How to Make a Frequency Distribution Table

Experts Tips on How to Make a Frequency Distribution Table If you are curious as to how to make a frequency distribution table, this is the lesson for you. We will learn what a frequency distribution table can be used for. And how to organize data to include in a frequency distribution table. Frequency Distribution Table Summary Frequency Distribution TableHow to make a frequency distribution tableMaking a TableNumber of ClassesRange of VariableClass IntervalDetermine the Class LimitsDistribute Data in ClassesWrap up A frequency distribution table refers to a chart showing the frequency of any particular outcome in any data set. To make it easy to read and understand, its a great way to organize data. Many tables have three columns displaying the possible results, then count points for each test, and the number of each outcome, while some tables only have two columns and do not show the tally marks. This table helps the researchers assess the relative abundance within the knowledge of each goal statistic. The full availability helps to show how much of the potential objective data we can include within the data set. The relative abundance is often present in the form of the histogram of the frequency. How to make a frequency distribution table Making a Table Drawing three columns on even a bit of paper is the first possible option to do when attempting to make a frequency distribution table. So scan through your set of data and show all possible results in the data in the section on the left. Use the middle column to render counting marks on each event in the results. On having a counting mark for each bit of data, then count tallies and start writing the corresponding number in the third column. Finally, make sure that each column is labelled. The first column will also be marked with a title representing the types of outcomes represented by the data. The 2nd column is marked tally marks as well as the 3rd column is labelled frequency. What are the Advantages of Frequency Distribution Tables? Frequency Distribution Table is considered necessary to clarify the number of events. Within the details of a particular type of device. It has also been recognized as Frequency Distribution Tables and is an essential element for presenting concise figures. Using these charts, you will consider visible patterns inside the statistical information. And we can also use it to compare. Basic Rules to consider in preparing Frequency Distribution Table Number of Classes The percentage of classes depends heavily on the width of statistical data. The number of classes is somewhere between 5 and 20. When you introduce many types, the primary purpose of the dissemination of data will also be ruined through sound knowledge. On either side, that use of few classes would not be enough to provide the full information. Thus, there is little need to maintain the right balance. Range of Variable To choose the right number of classes, it is necessary to find out the scope of the variable information by considering the change between the maximum and the minimum values of the statistical data. Class Interval You need to split the spectrum by the number of courses to calculate the average distance or class intervals. It will also provide us with equal class intervals. If equivalent class intervals considered troublesome, then imbalanced sizes must be used. You may find what to calculate class intervals online. Determine the Class Limits Typically the lowest class starts with the lowest number of data or any number less than. If the class boundary is a multiple of degree-intervals. Then it is considered the best. By applying the value of class-interval to a limit of the lowest class, you may calculate the limit of the high class. When you consistently use the class-interval, you would be able to locate out the class-limit left out. Distribute Data in Classes Tally-column is the easiest way to distribute statistical information to relevant groups. In which all variables are expressed in a tabular manner. The number of tallies then enters in the column of frequencies of the Frequency Distribution Table. Wrap up It is primarily used to create the data or values obtained in the increasing order depending on frequencies and the magnitude. The use of a frequency distribution table mainly depends on how to coordinate various data values easily. In the full analysis of data values, this table can play an important role. Get the best among the best statistics assignment help and statistics homework help from the experts. We are offering a great deal in statistics assignment help services to the students.

The Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King ) - 1044 Words

The Forgotten Ones (Describe the Significance of the Chorus in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King) Oedipus the King is a famous play written by the renowned author Sophocles and first acted out back in 429 BC. It is the second of three plays written by Sophocles that dealt with Oedipus; the first one being Oedipus at Colonus and the last one being Antigone. This play relates the story of Oedipus, a man who becomes King of Thebes while unwittingly fulfilling an old prophecy that said that he would kill his father Laios and marry his mother Jocasta. He embarks on a journey to try and find the man who killed his father, and promises to banish this man from Thebes forever. In the end, he will learn the ugly truth; he is the one who killed his father, and the woman he considered to be his wife is actually his mother. This play is a classic tragedy, considering that Oedipus’ own faults will lead to his tragic downfall at the end of the play. One of the important aspects of this play that makes it so g ood, although unknown to many, is the fact that this is a piece of climatic drama, which means that most of the action and of what constitutes Oedipus’ misery in the end occurred before the play even starts. In fact, the prophecy that will end up being the focal point of the play was set on Oedipus when he was a little boy, which is long before the action of the play even started. This is where the Chorus comes in handy. According the â€Å"Glossary of Dramatic Terms†, the Chorus is â€Å"a maskedShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King,† successfully demonstrates Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. According to Aristotle â€Å"tragedy† is vastly different from what one would likely describe if requested in modern times. It is common today to hear one speak of a tragic vehicular crash, but what is being spoken of as a tragedy, is an accident, not a tragedy. T hus, it is important to understand what Aristotle thought when he spoke of a â€Å"tragedy.† Based on Aristotle, POETICS, CHAPTER VI, The tragedy is an imitationRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Oedipus The King By Sophocles2776 Words   |  12 Pagesthem with. In the tragedy, Oedipus the King by Sophocles, Oedipus’ fate starts with a prophecy. No matter how much Oedipus tries to do the â€Å"right† thing, the prophecy comes to term. It is argument-able that Oedipus was led to his tragic ending by fate. It is also possible that his tragic ending was brought open by his own actions. The idea of fate and free will both played an important role in Oedipus’ downfall. Even though he was a victim of fate. It did not control him. Oedipus was destined to killRead MoreThe Classical Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King950 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Greece’s Golden Age introduced many excellent playwrights, all of whom contributed to the success of Greek Literature† (sites.google/ Playwrights of the Golden Age). Sophocles, the author of the classic tragedy, Oedipus the King, was one of the three b est play writers during that time frame. Born in 495 B.C., Sophocles â€Å"lived for nearly ninety years through the most of the turbulent events of his country during the fifteenth century B.C.† (Charters and Charters). He was born in Colonus, not farRead MoreExposure to Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus the King702 Words   |  3 PagesSophocles background influenced him to write the drama Oedipus the king. One important influence on the story was his exposer to tragedy all around him. Jeffrey buller in â€Å"Sophocles† told us that Sophocles learned the art form of tragedy from Aeschylus. Sophocles later went to the Great Dionysus a competition for the greatest tragedy and won first place over Aeschylus. Also, Sophocles shows tragedy in the play by telling us about the legend the heard while he grew up (Buller 2-4).Similarly, OedipusRead MoreThe Tragic Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tragic Hero Tragedy deals with unexpected or unfortunate events that usually results in negative outcomes that affects the downfall of the main character in a play. Tragedy within Greek drama incorporates the time within the their lifestyle of religious and superstitions. Greek writers use tragedy as a theme in literature because it represents their civilization. Sophocles uses this theme in his dramatic plays because the audience is able to correspond to the story line. It allows the audienceRead MoreThe Perfect Aristotelian Tragedy: Sophocles Oedipus the King918 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle considered Sophocles Oedipus the King to be a nearly perfect example of Greek tragedy. His reasons were based on the structural perfection of the play, in which the protagonists recognition of his circumstances (anagnorisis) comes at the same moment as his reversal of fortune (peripeteia). But the terms whereby Aristotle defines character in Greek tragedy are slightly harder to work out where is the hubr is of Oedipus? An examination of the plot will demonstrate that Oedipus hubris is manifestRead MoreEssay about Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and Antigone 1403 Words   |  6 PagesTragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and Antigone The Greeks considered tragedy the greatest form for literature.   However, the tragic ends for the characters were not ordained or set by fate, but rather caused by certain characteristics belonging to that person.   Such is the case with the characters of Sophocles plays Oedipus the King and Antigone.   Oedipus from King Oedipus, and Antigone and Creon from Antigone posses characteristics, especially pride, that caused their tragic ends.   AsRead MoreDeconstructing Tragedy And The Definition Of The Protagonist’S1173 Words   |  5 PagesDeconstructing Tragedy and the Definition of the Protagonist’s Innocence In Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus meets the Aristotelian definition of a tragic hero as divine fate and tragic flaws lead to his downfall. Oedipus’s tragic flaws like hubris, curiosity, and anger, contribute to his unfortunate fate. The components of a perfect tragedy as defined in Aristotle’s Poetics are at the center of Oedipus Rex. The play contains the elements of a perfect tragedy such asRead MoreOedipus Tyrannus, A Tragic Hero. Summary: . Context. Oedipus1391 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus Tyrannus, a Tragic Hero Summary: Context Oedipus Tyrannus is a Greek tragedy that was first performed as a play in 429 BCE. The setting of the play is in Thebes, one of Greece’s city states that is suffering from a tragic plague. King Oedipus’s brother in-law; Creon, reports back from the oracle of Apollo that the plague would only be lifted if the murderer of his predecessor; King Laius, is found and brought to justice. Before the whole city of Thebes, Oedipus vows to apprehend and punishRead More tragoed Oedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex)1217 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King In the introduction to Sophocles Oedipus the King, Sophocles defines a tragic hero as one who [behaves] admirably as a man, [but who] is nevertheless tripped up by forces beyond his control and understanding... (Sophocles 76).   In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the tragic hero. The force that trips up the hero is fate, or, moira. It is Oedipuss actions that set the events into motion,   but it is ultimately his fate, and his attempted

The Do This, Get That Guide On Critical Response Essay Topics

The Do This, Get That Guide On Critical Response Essay Topics The Critical Response Essay Topics Cover Up Some of your point may also be explained in the conclusion part, especially once you learn that you have accomplished the content of your entire body. When you have too little time to compose a strong response essay yourself, you could always get the aid of a professional writing service. Anyway, your reaction may also make an overall address to the whole documentary without picking parts. Your response needs to be critical too, searching for. When picking a topic for a crucial essay make sure you take a topic you may manage. To be critical means that you should reflect upon the subject instead of merely to describe it. So, be certain to read the piece your topic is based on and make certain you understand what it is about. Deciding upon a topic can be challenging. Critical Response Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About In spite of popular belief by a subs tantial part of students, critical essay writing isn't about criticizing or focusing on the negative facet of analysis. Remember you ought to have some understanding of the topic you're writing about. The above is of fantastic significance, especially to students who think that critical essays should concentrate on the negative facets of a subject. Aside from having the capacity to consider analytically, writing the important response essay demands the student to have a great knowledge of the novel or article they are writing about. The Little-Known Secrets to Critical Response Essay Topics While writing essays can oftentimes be challenging, the key to composing a strong film response is really quite easy. You have to come up with an idea based on the way in which the documentary touched you. The last copy of an important essay needs to be proofread and peer-reviewed. The body of the essay needs to be full of information linked to your thesis. Your introduction is the part where you've got to supply your thesis statement. These guidelines will help you in planning how to compose a reaction paper to a documentary. Make certain your very first paragraph is a summary of the contents of your essay. The essay ends off with a conclusion that brings together all your statements in a fashion that supports the most important argument. A crucial essay conclusion isn't any different to other essay conclusions. The intent of an important essay is to rate information, theories or situations. If this is the case, you've seen an overall illustration of a crucial response essay. If you're allowed to select from several topics for your essay, consider choosing the one which you know. Analyzing a part of poetry in an academic essay can be very challenging. Read the essay and guarantee that it is well written and logical. Don't forget to proofread your critical essay once you are finished with that. Readers should know the writer's focus and thus the significance of a thesis statement. You can't address more than two major ideas in your critical response essay because you will not be able express your thoughts clearly. Critical essays cannot be based on your own personal opinion only. Understanding how to write a vital essay will provide you with an edge throughout your academic and professional career. Identify the problematic of the piece and locate the suitable notes which you have made to structure your upcoming essay. The write-up suggests effective tips for writing a top-grade crucial response paper. When the paper is done, it's critical to revise, proofread, select a captivating title, and make ideal citations. Writing a crucial paper or criticizing might appear easy in the beginning, but it could also be challenging. While reading the text, or watching the movie, it's essential to note the critical concepts and ideas an author or director or painter chose to in corporate inside their work. Because most works have a lot of themes, you should concentrate on the one which stands out to you. Just don't forget that you want to do what works for you! You should not assume that you must criticize the specific work of art in your critical reaction. The aim of a literary important analysis is to supply the audience with a broad and in-depth comprehension of a work of literature. The information will aid your reader understand the essence of the job under analysis. Assume your reader isn't acquainted with the work you're discussing. Do not assume that because he knows what you are writing about, you do not need to mention the work's title. Things You Won't Like About Critical Response Essay Topics and Things You Will If you aren't certain how to compose a vital essay, you might read tips readily available online and waste plenty of time. The absolute most important point to bear in mind is that you're joining thousands of different men and women that are putting their hearts and souls in their pieces and then tossing them in the vast, gaping void that's the web. If you're hoping people will discover your article, the very last thing you desire is to wind up on page 2,824,716 of a Google search. There are hundreds and hund reds of people around who would like to read what you've written.

Generally Accepted Auditing Standards Free Essays

Generally Accepted Auditing Standards Paper Madeline Cates ACC/491 Contemporary Auditing 1 November 7, 2012 Thomas A. House Auditing is extremely important to our businesses, our state and federal government, investors, banks, and our overall economy. Without auditing there would be plenty of room for mistakes. We will write a custom essay sample on Generally Accepted Auditing Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boynton Johnson (2006) define auditing as the following, â€Å"A systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users† (p. ). To break it down auditing follows a certain process of steps using financial statements and tax returns to evaluate an organization in an unbiased way. Once this is done a written report is made by the auditors to give the organization the credibility they deserve. This credibility is passed on to interested users such as; banks, stockholders, and management. The purpose of this paper is to explain the nature and functions of auditing, and relate them to an organization in which we are familiar. The organization is which I am familiar with is Chili’s Bar and Grill where I have been an employee for over 4 years. Chili’s is owned by Brinker Nation, which is publically traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol EAT. Brinker Nation is audited by independent auditing committee with no relation to the company, they follow the standard of the NYSE as well as the Securities and Exchange (SEC). The Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) are a set of standards that public accountants are required to use. All together there are 10 different GAAS that are used to establish the quality of performance and the overall objectives to be achieved in a financial statement audit. Boynton Johnson, 2006) The Generally Accepted Accounting Standards apply to financial, operational, and compliance audits. Typically a CPA preforms a financial audit by evaluating a firm’s financial position to see if they are using GAAP. The results are then distributed to the general public. A compliance audit focuses on whether or not a firm is following rules and government regulations, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that requires duel-purpose auditing and compliance audits. Operational audits focus on activities in relation to objectives. This is also known as a management audit. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) affect publically traded companies. The PCAOB is a private sector that was created by the SOX Act of 2002. Basically the PCAOB oversees auditors of publically traded companies to protect investors, creditors, and the general public. According to Boynton Johnson (2006), the PCAOB was given authority in 5 major areas including, 1. Registering public accounting firms that audit the financial statements of public companies. 2. Setting quality control standards for peer review of auditors of public companies and conducting inspections of registered public accounting firms. 3. Setting auditing standards for audits of public companies. 4. Setting independence and ethics rules for auditors of public companies. 5. Performing other duties or functions to promote high professional standards ? for public company audits, and enforce compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. With the help of the SEC, PCAOB, SOX Act, and GAAS we can ensure investors and creditors that publically traded organizations are presenting honest, fair, and straightforward financial information. Auditing is vital to the growth of our businesses, our local and federal government, and our economy as a whole. Resources Boynton, W. C. , Johnson, R. N. (2006). Modern auditing: Assurance services and the integrity of financial reporting. (8th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Louwers, T. , Ramsay, R. , Sinason, D. , Stawser, J. R.. (2007). Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Generally Accepted Auditing Standards, Essay examples

Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Example For Students

Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Eric Heppen Period 7 AP American History February 1,2000 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War Biography and Footnotes_________ Research___________ Critical Analysis___________ Historical Interpretation___________ Technical ___________ Content___________ Originality___________ Style of writing___________ Prove thesis ___________ We will write a custom essay on Tactics During The Revolutionary War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Eric HeppenAmerican History Term Paper December 13, 1999Period 7 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War Most of Europe thought that the British with their immense amount of capital, soldiers and supplies would beat the American resistance in the American revolutionary war without much of an effort. However the Patriots realized, from their earliest difficulties, to capitalize on the enemys weaknesses. Guerrilla warfare and a strategy that emanated from the ability to manipulate events to their own benefit enabled the Americans to defeat the ostensibly more powerful British. The Americans suffered great abuse from their mother country. The British laid upon the Americans heavy taxes between the years 1764 to the middle of 1776. They created such taxes in the Sugar Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, the Intolerable Acts and many other acts. These acts over the course of the years destroyed much of the faith that Americans had in the British government. The greater portion of the population thought the British were inadequate rulers and that they could do a much better job in ruling themselves . The Americans were tired of the Quartering Act which let British troops be housed in their own homes. They didnt enjoy housing British troops so that their families could be spied upon or have their children raped. The least the Americans thought they deserved was the right to have a representation in Parliament and the right to settle the land over the Appalachian Mountains . If the farmers could have more land to work on, the Americans could have a surplus of food to ship to other countries creating a better economy for the American people. Over the course of about twenty-five years the Americans sent over 500 bills to the British House Of Trade trying to repeal the economic acts that Britain laid down upon them . The Americans also tried to convince the British to let them have the ability to trade with other countries. If the British would have allowed this the common people of American would have been doing better economically; the percent of poor people would have been lowered greatly and the average income would have gone up a great deal . The reason it would have gone up so much is that Britain controlled the prices of products. The British decided how much they would buy a product for from the Americans and charge them two or three times as much to buy it back. All the American people really wanted was to be treated properly. As Thomas Paine said in Common Sense the British treated the Americans like an abusive mother would treat her child. Due to the economic hardships the Americans suffered they knew that they were going to face many problems in the war. The Americans knew that the British had a larger supply of men ranging from more experienced generals to more soldiers . The British had such a surplus of income from all of their colonies that they were able hire and supply mercenaries from Germany to come and fight in America. They had a stronger navy and a lot more artillery than the Americans had. The Americans faced many other disadvantages such as lack of guns, ammunition, food, clothing, and most of all they were heavily outnumbered by men . The British had most advantages except for three main things. The first of all the British had a harder time setting up their supply line because they were so far away from any major base . Their main head quarters was on Long Island. The British had a difficult time setting up a supply line outside of New York and New Jersey to feed, clothe, and keep in contact with their men. The second disadvantage was that the American generals knew the land and terrain where they were fighting a lot better then the British generals did . .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 , .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .postImageUrl , .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 , .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8:hover , .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8:visited , .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8:active { border:0!important; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8:active , .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8 .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c21f670552edadf56d001dc48ad44b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History Of Baseball Essay Thesis The American Generals knew how to deal with certain weather issues and turned it to their advantage. The Americans could plan out strategies based on land and terrain rather than . Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Example For Students Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Eric Heppen Period 7 AP American History February 1,2000 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War Biography and Footnotes_________ Research___________ Critical Analysis___________ Historical Interpretation___________ Technical ___________ Content___________ Originality___________ Style of writing___________ Prove thesis ___________ We will write a custom essay on Tactics During The Revolutionary War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Eric HeppenAmerican History Term Paper December 13, 1999Period 7 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War Most of Europe thought that the British with their immense amount of capital, soldiers and supplies would beat the American resistance in the American revolutionary war without much of an effort. However the Patriots realized, from their earliest difficulties, to capitalize on the enemys weaknesses. Guerrilla warfare and a strategy that emanated from the ability to manipulate events to their own benefit enabled the Americans to defeat the ostensibly more powerful British. The Americans suffered great abuse from their mother country. The British laid upon the Americans heavy taxes between the years 1764 to the middle of 1776. They created such taxes in the Sugar Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, the Intolerable Acts and many other acts. These acts over the course of the years destroyed much of the faith that Americans had in the British government. The greater portion of the population thought the British were inadequate rulers and that they could do a much better job in ruling themselves . The Americans were tired of the Quartering Act which let British troops be housed in their own homes. They didnt enjoy housing British troops so that their families could be spied upon or have their children raped. The least the Americans thought they deserved was the right to have a representation in Parliament and the right to settle the land over the Appalachian Mountains . If the farmers could have more land to work on, the Americans could have a surplus of food to ship to other countries creating a better economy for the American people. Over the course of about twenty-five years the Americans sent over 500 bills to the British House Of Trade trying to repeal the economic acts that Britain laid down upon them . The Americans also tried to convince the British to let them have the ability to trade with other countries. If the British would have allowed this the common people of American would have been doing better economically; the percent of poor people would have been lowered greatly and the average income would have gone up a great deal . The reason it would have gone up so much is that Britain controlled the prices of products. The British decided how much they would buy a product for from the Americans and charge them two or three times as much to buy it back. All the American people really wanted was to be treated properly. As Thomas Paine said in Common Sense the British treated the Americans like an abusive mother would treat her child. Due to the economic hardships the Americans suffered they knew that they were going to face many problems in the war. The Americans knew that the British had a larger supply of men ranging from more experienced generals to more soldiers . The British had such a surplus of income from all of their colonies that they were able hire and supply mercenaries from Germany to come and fight in America. They had a stronger navy and a lot more artillery than the Americans had. The Americans faced many other disadvantages such as lack of guns, ammunition, food, clothing, and most of all they were heavily outnumbered by men . The British had most advantages except for three main things. The first of all the British had a harder time setting up their supply line because they were so far away from any major base . Their main head quarters was on Long Island. The British had a difficult time setting up a supply line outside of New York and New Jersey to feed, clothe, and keep in contact with their men. The second disadvantage was that the American generals knew the land and terrain where they were fighting a lot better then the British generals did . .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 , .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .postImageUrl , .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 , .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509:hover , .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509:visited , .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509:active { border:0!important; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509:active , .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509 .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue3d4b150c100bf532efd5ba956073509:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nursing Career Essay The American Generals knew how to deal with certain weather issues and turned it to their advantage. The Americans could plan out strategies based on land and terrain rather than . Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Example For Students Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Word Count: 2738 Eric Heppen Period 7 AP American History February 1,2000 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War We will write a custom essay on Tactics During The Revolutionary War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Biography and Footnotes_________ Research___________ Critical Analysis___________ Historical Interpretation___________ Technical ___________ Content___________ Originality___________ Style of writing___________ Prove thesis ___________ Eric HeppenAmerican History Term Paper December 13, 1999Period 7 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War Most of Europe thought that the British with their immense amount of capital, soldiers and supplies would beat the American resistance in the American revolutionary war without much of an effort. However the Patriots realized, from their earliest difficulties, to capitalize on the enemys weaknesses. Guerrilla warfare and a strategy that emanated from the ability to manipulate events to their own benefit enabled the Americans to defeat the ostensibly more powerful British. The Americans suffered great abuse from their mother country. The British laid upon the Americans heavy taxes between the years 1764 to the middle of 1776. They created such taxes in the Sugar Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, the Intolerable Acts and many other acts. These acts over the course of the years destroyed much of the faith that Americans had in the British government. The greater portion of the population thought the British were inadequate rulers and that they could do a much better job in ruling themselves . The Americans were tired of the Quartering Act which let British troops be housed in their own homes. They didnt enjoy housing British troops so that their families could be spied upon or have their children raped. The least the Americans thought they deserved was the right to have a representation in Parliament and the right to settle the land over the Appalachian Mountains . If the farmers could have more land to work on, the Americans could have a surplus of food to ship to other countries creating a better economy for the American people. Over the course of about twenty-five years the Americans sent over 500 bills to the British House Of Trade trying to repeal the economic acts that Britain laid down upon them . The Americans also tried to convince the British to let them have the ability to trade with other countries. If the British would have allowed this the common people of American would have been doing better economically; the percent of poor people would have been lowered greatly and the average income would have gone up a great deal . The reason it would have gone up so much is that Britain controlled the prices of products. The British decided how much they would buy a product for from the Americans and charge them two or three times as much to buy it back. All the American people really wanted was to be treated properly. As Thomas Paine said in Common Sense the British treated the Americans like an abusive mother would treat her child. Due to the economic hardships the Americans suffered they knew that they were going to face many problems in the war. The Americans knew that the British had a larger supply of men ranging from more experienced generals to more soldiers . The British had such a surplus of income from all of their colonies that they were able hire and supply mercenaries from Germany to come and fight in America. They had a stronger navy and a lot more artillery than the Americans had. The Americans faced many other disadvantages such as lack of guns, ammunition, food, clothing, and most of all they were heavily outnumbered by men . The British had most advantages except for three main things. The first of all the British had a harder time setting up their supply line because they were so far away from any major base . Their main head quarters was on Long Island. The British had a difficult time setting up a supply line outside of New York and New Jersey to feed, clothe, and keep in contact with their men. The second disadvantage was that the American generals knew the land and terrain where they were fighting a lot better then the British generals did . .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .postImageUrl , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:hover , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:visited , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:active { border:0!important; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:active , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frederick Douglass Essay The American Generals knew how to deal with certain weather issues and turned it to their advantage. The Americans could plan out strategies based on land and terrain rather than sheer numbers, . Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Example For Students Tactics During The Revolutionary War Essay Eric Heppen Period 7 AP American History We will write a custom essay on Tactics During The Revolutionary War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now February 1,2000 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War Biography and Footnotes_________ Research___________ Critical Analysis___________ Historical Interpretation___________ Technical ___________ Content___________ Originality___________ Style of writing___________ Prove thesis ___________ Eric HeppenAmerican History Term Paper December 13, 1999Period 7 The American Tactics of the Revolutionary War Most of Europe thought that the British with their immense amount of capital, soldiers and supplies would beat the American resistance in the American revolutionary war without much of an effort. However the Patriots realized, from their earliest difficulties, to capitalize on the enemys weaknesses. Guerrilla warfare and a strategy that emanated from the ability to manipulate events to their own benefit enabled the Americans to defeat the ostensibly more powerful British. The Americans suffered great abuse from their mother country. The British laid upon the Americans heavy taxes between the years 1764 to the middle of 1776. They created such taxes in the Sugar Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, the Intolerable Acts and many other acts. These acts over the course of the years destroyed much of the faith that Americans had in the British government. The greater portion of the population thought the British were inadequate rulers and that they could do a much better job in ruling themselves . The Americans were tired of the Quartering Act which let British troops be housed in their own homes. They didnt enjoy housing British troops so that their families could be spied upon or have their children raped. The least the Americans thought they deserved was the right to have a representation in Parliament and the right to settle the land over the Appalachian Mountains . If the farmers could have more land to work on, the Americans could have a surplus of food to ship to other countries creating a better economy for the American people. Over the course of about twenty-five years the Americans sent over 500 bills to the British House Of Trade trying to repeal the economic acts that Britain laid down upon them . The Americans also tried to convince the British to let them have the ability to trade with other countries. If the British would have allowed this the common people of American would have been doing better economically; the percent of poor people would have been lowered greatly and the average income would have gone up a great deal . The reason it would have gone up so much is that Britain controlled the prices of products. The British decided how much they would buy a product for from the Americans and charge them two or three times as much to buy it back. All the American people really wanted was to be treated properly. As Thomas Paine said in Common Sense the British treated the Americans like an abusive mother would treat her child. Due to the economic hardships the Americans suffered they knew that they were going to face many problems in the war. The Americans knew that the British had a larger supply of men ranging from more experienced generals to more soldiers . The British had such a surplus of income from all of their colonies that they were able hire and supply mercenaries from Germany to come and fight in America. They had a stronger navy and a lot more artillery than the Americans had. The Americans faced many other disadvantages such as lack of guns, ammunition, food, clothing, and most of all they were heavily outnumbered by men . The British had most advantages except for three main things. The first of all the British had a harder time setting up their supply line because they were so far away from any major base . Their main head quarters was on Long Island. The British had a difficult time setting up a supply line outside of New York and New Jersey to feed, clothe, and keep in contact with their men. .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 , .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .postImageUrl , .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 , .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9:hover , .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9:visited , .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9:active { border:0!important; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9:active , .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9 .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u066ab5bfcccc80681a5f7b1c5a5696e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Campiegn Finace EssayThe second disadvantage was that the American generals knew the land and terrain where they were fighting a lot better then the British generals did . The American Generals knew how to deal with certain weather issues and turned it to their advantage. The Americans could plan out strategies based on land and terrain rather than sheer numbers, which .

Free Essays on Mahayana

Buddhism teaches that there are three alternatives for attaining the final goal of Nirvana. Firstly there is the Arahant Ideal which is emphasised by the Sthaviravada or as it is currently known - the Theravada. This is release from the Samsara by following the teachings of an enlightened Buddha by the cultivation of Sila (Good Conduct), Samadhi (Mental cultivation or meditation) and Prajna (Trancendental Wisdom of seeing things as they really are). The Mahayana, on the other hand, emphasises the Bodhisattva Ideal of postponing one's liberation so that one may bring all sentient beings with you to that state of Nirvana by becoming a fully enlightened Buddha. The Mahayanists, perhaps, wrongly claim that the Arahant Ideal of the Theravadins is selfish because it limits the release to oneself. Arahants, although lacking the higher wisdom of a Buddha, also teach and also must transcend the idea of self and greed, so such a charge seems unjustified. The Theravadins also suggest that attaining Buddhahood is the highest ideal but it is difficult and beyond most people's capabilities. The final method of liberation is that of a Pratyeka Buddha. One who usually arises during a world period when the Buddha Dharma is extinct and attains Buddhahood through self realisation but is incapable of teaching others.... Free Essays on Mahayana Free Essays on Mahayana Buddhism teaches that there are three alternatives for attaining the final goal of Nirvana. Firstly there is the Arahant Ideal which is emphasised by the Sthaviravada or as it is currently known - the Theravada. This is release from the Samsara by following the teachings of an enlightened Buddha by the cultivation of Sila (Good Conduct), Samadhi (Mental cultivation or meditation) and Prajna (Trancendental Wisdom of seeing things as they really are). The Mahayana, on the other hand, emphasises the Bodhisattva Ideal of postponing one's liberation so that one may bring all sentient beings with you to that state of Nirvana by becoming a fully enlightened Buddha. The Mahayanists, perhaps, wrongly claim that the Arahant Ideal of the Theravadins is selfish because it limits the release to oneself. Arahants, although lacking the higher wisdom of a Buddha, also teach and also must transcend the idea of self and greed, so such a charge seems unjustified. The Theravadins also suggest that attaining Buddhahood is the highest ideal but it is difficult and beyond most people's capabilities. The final method of liberation is that of a Pratyeka Buddha. One who usually arises during a world period when the Buddha Dharma is extinct and attains Buddhahood through self realisation but is incapable of teaching others....

14 Sound Similes Evaluating Figurative Comparisons

14 Sound Similes Evaluating Figurative Comparisons In writing thats cluttered with clichà ©s, loud noises predictably sound like thunder, while sweet voices are likened to honey, angels, or bells. But in writing thats fresh and daring, unfamiliar comparisons may sometimes surprise, delight, or enlighten us. This doesnt mean that all original similes are effective. A far-fetched comparison may strike some readers as more distracting than revealing, more puzzling than entertaining. Ultimately, of course, how we respond to a figure of speech is largely a matter of taste. Drawn from recent works of fiction and nonfiction, these 14 similes about sounds should help you determine your taste in figurative language. Read each passage aloud, and then identify the similes that you think are particularly creative, insightful, or humorous. In contrast, which ones leave you bored, annoyed, or confused? Be prepared to compare your responses with those of your friends or classmates. 14 Sound Similes to Discover   Welshmen SingingWelshmen like Mr. Davis put great stock in Welsh singing, but to my Irish ears it sounds like men jumping off chairs into a bathtub full of frogs.(P.J. ORourke, The Welsh National Combined Mud Wrestling and Spelling Bee Championship. Age and Guile, Beat Youth, Innocence, and a Bad Haircut. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995)Branches Scratching Against a WindowThe floorboards creaked in the room where Rain used to be, and the branches of the cherry tree in the front yard near Edgar Allan Poes grave swayed in the wind. They scratched against the glass with a soft tap, tap, tap. It sounded like a lizards paws. Then it sounded like a serpents tongue. Then it sounded like five weak fingers rapping on the windowpane, the same gentle fingers that used to comb and braid Alices hair.(Lisa Dierbeck, One Pill Makes You Smaller. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003)The Winner of the Eurovision Song ContestNobody knows what Edward II sounded like when he sang, but now the whole world knows w hat Conchita sounds like. She, or he, sounds like incoming artillery. One hundred and eighty million people in 45 countries were blown sideways by the uproar emanating from a young woman pretending to be Russell Brand, or perhaps it was Russell Brand pretending to be a young woman.(Clive James, Conchitas Voice Sounded Like Incoming Artillery. The Telegraph, May 17, 2014) A SneezeWithout warning, Lionel gave one of his tight little sneezes: it sounded like a bullet fired through a silencer.(Martin Amis, Lionel Asbo: State of England. Alfred A. Knopf, 2012)A BoyFor all his roughness and arrogance, the boy was transformed when he was in the presence of girls. He spoke in a voice as soft as the silken filaments that float out of a cocoon.(Carol Field, Mangoes and Quince. Bloomsbury, 2001)The Invisible NoiseDuring other sessions, Ive told her about the noise. The invisible noise that only I can hear- a noise that sounds like the mumbling of a million broken voices saying nothing at all or the hum of the wind through an open car window at seventy miles per hour. I can even see the noise sometimes. It circles above people like a clear vulture with sparks of electricity in its wings- hovering dangerously above their heads before swooping down.(Brian James, Life Is But a Dream. Feiwel Friends, 2012)Hoofbeats, Sabers, and ShotsThe street was alive with them, hollow-eyed and faceless astride coal-black horses, their muffled hoofbeats sounding like rapid shots miles away. Only these sounds were right here and I was in the midst of them. Sabers whistled. Once I heard a noise like a cooks cleaver striking half-boiled meat, a nauseating sound. Then there were real shots, hard and sharp, like derisive coughs, and metal-gray smoke that mingled with the white vapor exhaled by the horses.(Loren D. Estleman, Murdocks Law, 1982) Bob DylanEveryone who heard it- even the people who said that Dylan sounded like a dog with his leg trapped in barbed wire- knew Bob Dylan was a phenomenon.(Lewis Macadams, Birth Of The Cool. The Free Press, 2001)Leonard CohenIt is a penitents voice, a rabbinical voice, a crust of unleavened vocal toastspread with smoke and subversive wit. He has a voice like a carpet in an old hotel, like a bad itch on the hunchback of love.(Tom Robbins, Leonard Cohen. Wild Ducks Flying Backward. Bantam, 2005)The Reverberations of Train HornsWhen the train horns sounded and then were quiet, there were pure reverberations up and down the river that sounded like a plucked harp string or a piano note sustained by holding down a pedal.(Mark Knudsen, Old Man River and Me: One Mans Journey Down the Mighty Mississippi. Thomas Nelson, 1999)Cello MusicIt isnt music Louise has ever heard before. It sounds like a lullaby, and then it sounds like a pack of wolves, and then it sounds like a slaughterhouse, and t hen it sounds like a motel room and a married man saying I love you and the shower is running at the same time. It makes her teeth ache and her heart rattle.(Kelly Link, Louises Ghost. Poes Children: The New Horror, ed. by Peter Straub. Doubleday, 2008) Lyle FilbenderI took a deep breath and started to speak. I cant remember half of what I said, but I do know that I was at least a million times more inspiring than Lyle Filbender. He sounded like a defective robot in need of a battery change and had to be reprimanded twice for calling the Missions clients bums.(Maureen Fergus, Exploits of a Reluctant (but Extremely Goodlooking) Hero. Kids Can Press, 2007)A Voice on the PhoneCarl reached for the phone, his gut tightening. Even before he heard the voice on the other end, he suspected- no, knew- it would be him. You did real well, the voice said, a voice like dry leaves rustling down a sidewalk.(J. Michael Straczynski, We Killed Them in the Ratings. Blowout in Little Man Flats, ed. by Billie Sue Mosiman and Martin Greenberg. Rutledge Hill, 1998)Chains at the ForgeRails suspended overhead, from which black chains hung like jungle vines that clattered through their blocks, making a tooth-rattling noise, a noise like the jabbering of a tho usand jawbones in a thousand skulls.(John Griesemer, Signal and Noise. Hutchinson, 2004)

The Life and Achievements of Mao Zedong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life and Achievements of Mao Zedong - Essay Example He attended a village school and gained basic education subsequent to going back to toil in the fields. His father wanted him to marry at 14 years, Mao Tse-tung was too ambitious, and he declined (Cheek Web). He left home when around 16 years and joined a secondary school in Changsha to accomplish his passion for education. The revolution of 1911against the Qing government erupted while he was 17 years. The revolution, which Mao supported, resulted in overthrow of Qing dynasty. He later joined and served in the Republican army before resuming his studies at Changsha. The republican government was disorganized and unsuccessful in most of it undertakings (Andrew and Rapp 290-300). Mao graduated from middle school after which he joined Beijing University where he devoted himself to Marxism. He wrote and published journals to advocate for reforms. Still at the University, he met with Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu the initiators of Chinese Communist Party, which he later became the chairperson . While at the university, he developed into a radical intellectual and together with other drastic intellectuals, he pioneered Marxist Theory between 1918 and 1919. After returning to Changsha, he became increasingly affectionate of Russian revolution as well as Marxism (Andrew and Rapp 43). In 1920, he settled in Changsha where he still wrote articles as well as planned labor unions. He also joined Nationalist Party also referred to as Guomingdang (GMD) and worked toward uniting it with CCP hoping to form a solitary nationalist government. However, CPP was growing rampantly and leaders of GMD started causing havoc, which caused execution of some communist leaders leading to a split and great enmity between CPP and GMD. Uprisings between CCP and GMD made Mau flee to mountains in Jiangxi province with his army. He thus became separated from CCP activities as he was more occupied in training his army (Jiang 22). In 1929, Mau together with some CCP leaders formed the Jiangxi Soviet, w hich was constantly attacked by the anti-communist GMD. In 1934, CPP loyalist matched from Jiangxi Soviet to Shaanxi in the illustrious â€Å"Long March† after which Mao was elevated to a higher rank in CPP leadership. In 1943, Mao became the Chairman of Communist Central Committee (Terril 150). During most of this period, Japanese had invaded some parts of China until 1945 after America bombing at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Controversy heightened between CCP and GMD till around 1949 when GMD was defeated, its leader together with it army fled to Taiwan, and Mao launched People’s Republic of China (Cheek Web) From 1966 to 1976, Mao launched Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution with which he activated students to stub out old traditions, which gave rise to chaos. 1n 1972, Mao invited united president Richard Nixon to china, an abysmal action after years of bad Sino- American relations. Mao Tse-tung died at 81 years in 1976. Mao is attributed for several achievements. He i s remembered for leading the China’s communist revolution. He was so charismatic that his utterances mobilized million of people. He is termed as the most influential China’s leader of the 20th century who revolutionized china to modern world. Some Chinese frequently criticized the imperialism, which they claimed was undermining the Chinese culture and beliefs (Terril 98). However, Mao worked hard to bring change and civilization in China. His

Explain how inflation targeting operates in the UK and Critically Essay

Explain how inflation targeting operates in the UK and Critically evaluate the benefits of inflation targeting - Essay Example Inflation is all about price stability and it has been agreed by the economist that a rate of between (0-3) percent is the good enough rate fro the economy. With stable prices at that rate, consumer confidence is raised hence propelling the economy, if the consumer confidence is lower, then the economy will be stuck (Ben 2003). Inflation can only be made success through central banks making price stability its primary objective through strong institutional commitment to attaining that. United Kingdom was not the first country to introduce the inflation instead there are countries like Canada which did it ahead of them. Many countries over time have followed suit to introduce the inflation targeting within their economies with many others looking for technical assistance to help them introduce it (Richard 2005). Japan is one of the few who have not adopted it yet because of its well developed economy with rather stable inflation rate. UK inflation is therefore currently more stable in comparison with the past performance. UK quit ERM in 1992 due to rising tension between having to follow a tight policy framework in order to maintain existing exchange rate and the other option of having to cut the domestic downfall by taking down interest rates it (Richard 2005). ... With such big concern about inflation and well versed with knowledge of the trade-off between output and the inflation, the policy maker will then fix interest rates through adjustments informed by the knowledge on relative demand to supply and inflation. The central bank then set in the money markets the nominal interest rate and since prices of goods are somehow rigid then there will be movements around the real rate that always stand in absence of such moves by the central bank (Mervyn 2005). Due to these sticky prices, if a crisis hit the economy, it slips inflation away from the target and central bank can not quickly take it back to the track instead it has to take the longer old route by factoring in the monetary policy on what is the most. This older route will include having to factor in the bigger things that include having to go over the expected demands and supply and he pressure it will have on one another, that is to say the productive capacity of the economy and its co st implication as well as whether the economy is still on the track in relative to the expected inflation (Paul 1998). After all that considerations the central bank will then design a way to bring quickly inflation back to target with consideration of the impact it will have on the output. It will then have to decide on whether to aggregate demand should be stimulated or not and whether to be neutral. With all that there are unobservable effects of inflation on unemployment which it raises, the interest rates and growth of the economy through supply. The monetary policy committee (MPC) targets inflation by setting interest rates. When a shock hit the economy the committee action is not felt immediately. The results of adjustments in interest rates could yield tangible results after even

What are the Four Policy Issues in the Pay Model?

What are the Four Policy Issues in the Pay Model? In the Pay Model, there are four polices that have been used for determining for paying the employee the organization such as internal alignment, external competitiveness, employee contributions and of the pay system but two most important pay model polices are internal alignment and external competitiveness. This is because in internal alignment look how job and skills related to importance to achieve organization objectives. In another way, we look also other method pay model, which is external competitiveness, which indicates of pay comparisons to with the competitor. Not only basic salary or wages are concerned but also what method of payment should be using the organization use for paying their employee of such as base, incentives, stock, benefits are used by these competitors use to compared to the pay mix we use to compete with other organization to stay remain competitive than competitor pay scheme. Compensation also related directly influence key outcomes like job satisfaction, attraction, retention, performance, flexibility, cooperation, skill acquisition and so forth. However, its influence may also be indirect by facilitating or constraining the effectiveness of other human resource activities (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). Compensation is only one part of the policies and programs organizations use to manage employee relations. Decisions regarding employment security, development and training, career opportunities, employee assistance programs are important to decide before proceed what method and how it can be done in compensating employee (Milkovich and Broderick, 1989). In this article not the only definition of external competitive and internal alignment are discussed but also why these elements are important to the organization to stay competitive and retain high qualified employee with skills and knowledge need by organization to focus on to achieve goals and objective of the organization that operates around the world that has been studied by many researchers before. We also see why external competitive element plays so many roles in determining the success of the organization rather than internal alignment in the organization. Definition of internal alignment and external competitiveness Internal alignment or internal equity is refers to comparisons among jobs or skill levels inside a single organisations (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). Jobs and peoples skills are compared in terms of their relative contributions to the organisations business objectives. In Internal alignment also focus on why pay relationships that motivating employees to choose increased training and greater responsibility in dealing with customers, internal pay relationships indirectly affect the capabilities of the workforce and hence the efficiency of the entire organization. This also agree by report Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) Report, 2008) that defines internal alignment is the set of commitments, strategies, policies, procedures, systems and behaviours that support integrated customer decision making based on suppliers commercial and ethical commitment and performance. This is translated into practice by the basic techniques of reward management, job analysis, job evaluation, and performance appraisal. The focus is on comparing jobs and individuals in terms of their relative contributions to the organizations objectives (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Pay relationships within the organization affect all three compensation objectives in internal alignment. This method also affect employee decisions which to stay with the organization or leave the organization. Then the organization must motivating employees to attend training and seek greater responsibility in dealing with customers, internal pay relationships indirectly affect the capabilities of the workforce and hence the efficiency of the entire organization. Fairness is affected through employees comparisons of their pay to the pay of others in the organization. If the internal alignment is refers in single organization but either way external competitiveness which refers to pay comparisons with competitors. This basically involves when implementing in organization which are, to be a pay leader, to match the market rate, or to lag behind what competitive organizations are paying (Bratton and Gold, 1999). Basically when practicing external competitiveness two ways first by setting pay level that is above, below or equal to that of competitor secondly, determining of pay mix relative to those of competitors. In both of pay level and pay mix focuses in two objectives which are control cost and attract and retain employee (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). External competitiveness refers to comparisons of the organizations pay relative to the pay of competitive organizations (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Objective of determining external competitiveness decisions in terms of both how much and what forms are (Milkovich and Newman, 2008); To ensure that the pay is sufficient to attract and retain employees if employees do not perceive their pay as competitive in comparison to what other organizations are offering for similar work, they may be more likely to leave To control labour costs so that the organizations prices of products or services can remain competitive in a global economy. Overall the internal alignment and external competitiveness are essential to compensation includes any direct or indirect payments to employees, such as wages, bonuses, stock, and benefits. So external competitiveness directly affects both efficiency and fairness and it must do so in an ethical way that complies with relevant legislation and internal alignment seek that where organizations internal drivers, include vision and mission as well as general goals, are aligned with their words and actions. Factors in internal alignment and external competitiveness In internal alignment factors are divided into three which are External Factors, Organizational Factors and Internal and External Factors combine (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). In external factors divided into several categories which are economic pressures, government policies, laws, and regulations, external stakeholders, cultures and customs. Then in organizational factors also divided into strategy technology, human capital, HR (Human Resource) policy, employee acceptance and cost implications. All these factors can be explained in diagram 1 below; Source: Milkovich and Newman (2008) In external factors, there is economic pressure which has been studied before by Adam Smith and Karl Marx, which also determine marginal productivity that what need of an input (factor of production) the extra is output that can be produced by one using more units of the input and then supply and demand needed for paid wages and purchasing products. In government policies, laws and regulations are which every organization must follow to stay operational in certain country they business on. Finally on culture and customs according G. Hoefstede (1980) is the mental programming for processing information that the people share in common. This also translate into organization culture that help organizational values to develop organizational norms, guidelines, or expectations that prescribe appropriate kinds of behaviour by employees in particular situations and control the behaviour of organizational members towards one another. Organization factors also play crucial part of the determining compensation in internal alignment. First strategy of any compensation method must alignment with organization goals and mission to make sure that any compensation that given to workers is paid back by workers fulfills goals and mission of organization they work for. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem. Then Human capital refers to the stock of competences, knowledge and personality attributes embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value1. After that HR (Human Resource) policy are the mechanisms that handling risk by staying up to date with current trends in employment standards and legislation. The policies must be stated in proper manner to ensure that companies vision the human resource helping the company to achieve it or work towards it are at all levels benefited and at the same time not deviat ed from their main objective. Then only that worker can have of career progress to ensure that employee can give the best productivity towards organization. Finally when all organization factors has been determined the organization must calculate the cost to sure that is beyond the budget to stay in operation of the company. In internal structure is refers array of pay rates for different work or skills within a single organization. The number of levels, the differentials in pay between the levels, and the criteria used to determine those differences describe the structure. In determining external competitiveness this question should be ask what level of pay base, benefits, incentive, and perquisites should be offered relative to competitors? What mix of these forms should be offered either by fix salary, flexible benefits, stock options, cash bonuses, and stock appreciation rights, etc.? What should the proportion of guaranteed compensation (base or benefits) relative to riskier returns (incentives) be? It is also determined by labour market that determine supply and demand that usually employers or organization always seek to maximize profits, then people are homogeneous and therefore interchangeable, after that pay rates reflect all costs associated with employment and finally markets faced by employers are competitive to other organizations. Product market and labor market competition may provide on the part of employers in choosing a pay level (Gerhart Milkovich, 1990). Product market comparisons are critical, more resources need to be devoted to measuring compensation (or better, unit labor costs) paid by such organizations. In contrast, if labor market comparisons are important, it is necessary to devote resources to find out to which organizations applicants and employees are being lost (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). In organization factors that will create competitiveness that influenced by pay level and pay mix either in industry, strategy, size and individual manager. Pay mix and pay level decisions focus on first controlling costs and attracting and secondly retaining employees (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). Equation of pay level is shown below; Pay level =((base + bonuses + benefits + value of stocks))/(number of employees) All factors in external competitiveness are showed in table 1 below; Labour Markets Nature of Supply Level of Product Demand Individual Manager Similarities in internal alignment and external competitiveness In determining internal alignment or external competitiveness or both used for designing the compensation package for an employee in an organization, there are similarities between them, which are efficiency, fairness and compliance. First, efficiency that can help imply the future return can encourage employees to remain within the organization, increasing experience and training, cooperate with workers and seek greater responsibility for the sake of organization they work for. This will diminish shirking among workers and permit hiring best qualified employees (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). Second, fairness also shows that organization must be fair to ensure that good employee dont retire and sustain organization productivity and trust among employees. Even though not everyone is paid equal but at least must be fair according to job, skills and knowledge a certain employee had so what happen when that is perceived as too large? Fortune (1989), for example asserts that this differential is seen by employees as unfair, resulting in a trust gap which suggests that such differentials are necessary to provide incentives for expending effort and taking on added responsibilities and risks to the organization which resulted in higher turnover and dissatisfaction among an employee who work for the organization. Finally, in compliance which compensation either in internal alignment or external alignment must be complied either in terms of policy, rules, acts and regulations that have been set up by government? Other than that this to ensure t all necessary governance requirements can be met without the unnecessary organization manipulation when operates certain countries. Why is external competitiveness so important rather than internal alignment? External competitiveness is established by reference to job advertisements in the press, or by more systematic labour market surveys. This information is then used to construct a pay structure within the organization rather than internal alignment which more in structure of pay in based only knowledge, skills and ability that certain individual had to offer within a single organization. So that why in determining pay structure and compensation method must have external competitiveness to focus and to maintain competitive to another organization. There are several reasons why external competitiveness important rather than internal alignment like following below; Reduce negative perception of employee towards organization. Pay onlywhat be supposed to the organization should be paid towards workers. Get better view what the other organization does to compensate the workers to make workers motivate and minimized turnover among them. Internal alignment is very completed process and hard to implement in organization. External competitiveness is more strategic rather than internal alignment. Reduce negative perception of employee towards organization. While employees negative feelings concerning internal pay equity might be removed by an effective job evaluation scheme, employees will still compare their pay with those in other organizations and industries (Bratton and Gold, 2001). It so is better having combined internal and external to the same to fulfil employee needs and reduce turnover at the same time. These as well agreed by (Milkovich and Broderick, 1989) which choices about the competitive position besides communicating to both prospective and incumbent employees. Savvy employees, for example, can discern the organizations ability and willingness to recognize their needs based on the flexibility and tax protection offered in benefit plans or the opportunity to share in the organization success through stock- and performance-based plans. Even that not all internal alignment structure can be a success one like in General Electric Co.s in 1980s plastics division adopted an exempt pay structure with only four levels: executive, director, leadership, and technical and professional. Managers believe that it provides greater flexibility to move employees without requiring pay changes. It also communicates to employees a relatively egalitarian philosophy about the value (base pay) of different skill groups. However, to be successful, the increased flexibility must be managed effectively. Inconsistencies within levels can result in anarchy and quickly will lead to employee dissatisfaction and distrust (Milkovich and Broderick, 1989). According to Spence (1973) which has studied case of sales jobs, if there is not a large incentive component in which individual effort is important, and one or more of the following three consequences is likely to happen: The right people will not be attracted, They are attracted, but leave when they discover that their efforts are under rewarded, The right people are attracted and retained, but because they are not rewarded for high performance, their performance declines. Rynes (1987) also supported of Spence (1973) idea that compensation systems are capable of attracting (or repelling) the right kinds of people because they communicate so much about an organizations philosophy, values, and practices. Milkovich Bloom (1998) also finds that compensation systems must support organizational goals, foster corporate culture, and help motivate employees to contribute their efforts to further organizational success. Pay onlywhat be supposed to the organization should be paid towards workers. The fact that value to the employee may differ from cost to an employer suggests that, in some cases, fewer costly total compensation packages may actually provide total inducements that are of greater value to employees than those associated with more expensive packages if internal alignment is used for determining paid and compensation for an employee who work for the organization. In many costly benefit options might be the most expensive its value to employees might fall short of the value attached to a compensation package of benefits that is better tailored to employee needs or values. In another study, in which 2000 manufacturing firms were classified into growth, mature, or declining stages, Anderson and Zeithaml (1984) reported that the firms competitiveness (pay level relative to competitors) was greater in each progressive stage. They also reported that the higher relative pay in mature firms adversely affected their return on investment. However, growth firms with higher pay levels relative to competitors reported increased market share of these companies. Therefore, measurement of own and competitors pay levels would ideally include the value to employees of different elements of total compensation. Like study of Gerhart and Milkovich (1991) in Bank of America has eliminated retiree health care coverage for all new hires suggests that organizations believe that different groups of employees (for this, new hires) may differ in the value attached to particular aspects of compensation. Get better view what the other organization does to compensate the workers to make workers motivate and minimized turnover among them. In world of the organization which has paid the works to work not only related in external market without seeing what actually other organization are doing to survive and maintain efficiency of current in the organization. Many organization today organizations do not compete solely in the product market but more refer to market for labour. The classical economics literature suggests that product market and labour market competition may provide relatively little discretion on the part of employers in choosing a pay level (Gerhart Milkovich, 1990). Ford, for example, competes for engineers, lawyers, and human resource managers not only with other automotive companies, but also with companies in the computer, aerospace, electronics, and other industries. Fay (1989) also recognizes that organizations are attempted to gather information about pay practices of competitors through the use of pay surveys. As Rynes and Milkovich (1986) found out, administrative decisions are required about a range of issues including when compensate workers: Which employers are included? Which jobs are included? Which jobs are considered similar enough to use in benchmarking? If multiple surveys are used (fairly typical), how are the multiple rates of pay weighted and combined? Practice in these areas seems to vary across (and probably within) employers. If not following what Rynes and Milkovich (1986) has been done which make the organization make pay level that is too low relative to these competitors could lead to difficulties in attracting and retaining sufficient numbers of quality employees. As such, labour market competition can be seen as placing a lower bound or floor on pay level (Milkovich Newman, 1990). As the importance of a particular comparison increases, so too should the resources devoted to information and measurement. For example, if product market comparisons are critical, more resources need to be devoted to measuring compensation (or better, unit labor costs) paid by such organizations. In contrast, if labor market comparisons are important, it is necessary to devote resources to find out to which organizations applicants and employees are being lost (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). Internal alignment is very completed process and hard to implement in organization. Internal alignment is very completed process and hard to implement in the organization even thought validity of conclusions reached through the survey process may depend critically on how the competition is defined, for example, what organizations are chosen for inclusion, little evidence exists on how such choices are made or their implications. Rather, most attention has been focused on potential problems in the job evaluation process, especially in the context of pay equity or comparable worth discussions. Nevertheless, as Schwab (1980) has pointed out, job evaluation is usually validated against some measure of the market rate, meaning that the measure of the pay system is critical. In this manner, many organizations today focus on external competitiveness which is more reliable than internal alignment for determining the compensation scheme for an employee. This has agreed by Lawler (1986) has argued that organizations need to focus greater attention on external competitiveness He believes that an internal focus encourages employees to compare themselves with others within the organization, rather than focusing on the really competition-other organizations. He also suggests that an internal focus result in employees focusing on promotions rather than on performing well on their current job. Moreover, there is some belief that conflicts between external and internal equity may be resolved by increasing the pay of all jobs, not just those were competing in the labour market requires higher pay. Whether true or not, such as organizations would seem to be at a serious labour cost disadvantage in the product market. External competitiveness is more strategic rather than internal alignment. The strategic portfolio model suggests that the notion of compensation system fit may be a messy construct to be done. Generally, strategy refers to the overarching, long-term directions of an organization that are critical to its survival and success. Strategies take advantage of the opportunities and manage the threats in the external environment by marshalling internal resources in some coherent, consistent direction (Dyer, 1985). In from a strategic perspective, organizations and markets are more appropriate units of analysis for understanding changes in international compensation and rewards. The strategic thinking from differences between countries to differences within countries so using internal alignment as medium are unrealistic. Compensation and reward systems are designed to help create and motivate a workforce with the values and capabilities necessary to achieve an organizations unique goals and objectives rather than being designed to meet the national values exhibited by a work force (Bloom, Matt and Milkovich, 1998). Morishimas (1995) study of Japanese companies HR strategies reports differences in compensation approaches associated with organization profitability, size, degree of unionization, capital-labour ratio, and exposure to global competitive forces. For example, Japanese companies operating in protected domestic markets are more likely to use the more traditional nenko system2 than those competing in global and less protected market which reported using more performance and ability-based schemes (Morishima, 1992, 1995; Sano, 1993). Other study related to strategic conditions by Lee, Scarpello, and Rockman (1995) found that factors such as labour market conditions, customer and supplier relations, economic conditions and technology accounted for differences in compensation strategies among Korean chaebols. Pearce, Branyiczki, Bakacsis (1994) study of compensation systems in Hungarian and US companies suggests that political, economic, and institutional forces, rather than national cultures, explain differences in compensation practices. Effective international compensation systems might be those that match internal contingencies for example fit the organizations goals and culture first and then respond to external forces within the constraints of strategic alignment (Bloom, Matt and Milkovich, 1998). Yeung and Wong (1990) assert that organizational goals, political forces, labor market conditions, and demographic factors explain differences in pay and other HRM systems in Japan and the Peoples Republic of China. Recent surveys in Central European countries such as Slovenia and Slovakia also report differences in the use of variable performance based pay schemes, allowances and services, and even in the ratios of top managing directors salaries to the average workforce (Bajzikova, 1996; Zupan, 1995). Although the recent evidence does not suggest national boundaries (national pay systems) can be ignored or overlooked, it does suggest that sufficient discretion for individual organizations exists within these national systems to allow organizations to adopt compensation and reward systems to align them with the organizations business strategies. We believe that The importance of a strategic perspective on compensation rests on three fundamental tenets. The first is that compensation policies and practices differ widely across organizations and across employee groups within organizations. To some students of organizations this may be self evident. But to others, such as economists using human capital models to examine compensation differentials, differences in organizations compensation policies and practices are treated as random noise with little relevance. Anecdotal evidence and sporadic surveys of specific policies or practices report that differences do exist (The Conference Board, 1984; American Productivity Center, 1987). For example, some organizations claim to position their base pay to meet the market, while others follow it; some design incentive schemes to emphasize long-term performance, others short term. Some firms employ individual based incentives while others emphasize group or team based gain-sharing schemes. Some decentra lize the administration of compensation, others do not. Some disclose very specific information about pay to employees, such as ranges and merit guide charts, while others communicate only the broad policies, such as fairness and competitiveness. So a strategy may be intended and formally articulated in some plan or document, or it may emerge through the patterns of decisions shown by the organizations behaviors. Thus, strategies are both plans for the future and patterns from the past to make survival of the organization itself (Mintzberg, 1987). External competitiveness strategies are often expressed as leading, lagging, or matching the market (Milkovich Newman, 2007). In practice, many organizations pursue more than one external competitiveness strategy (Mark, 2008). These organizations may vary their external competitiveness strategies for different groups of jobs. For instance, some organizations may lead for positions deemed critical, whereas for less significant positions th ey may match or lag the market (Milkovich Newman, 2007). What can conclude about this topic? External competitiveness is but one part of an organizations overall compensation strategy. In addition to external competitiveness considerations, issues of internal salary alignment, the design of pay for performance plans, and the administration of the overall pay system are also important. Of these areas, internal salary alignment seems a particularly pertinent area of consideration for those interested in further expanding their knowledge of compensation topics beyond external competitiveness. Internal alignment considers pay relationships between employees inside an organization versus the external relationships considered by external competitiveness. Whereas external competitiveness considers salary comparisons across organizations for employees performing similar work, internal alignment considers salary comparisons inside organizations for employees doing different types of work. Moreover, just as external competitiveness has significant implications for individual and organizational performance, internal alignment has equally important implications. Recommendations The policy on external competitiveness is important if the organization is going to attract, retain, and motivate its employees while achieving the other objectives of controlling labour costs and complying with pay legislation around must be consider due of lack of study about this. To the individual employee, compensation decisions also have important consequences. Salaries and wages represent the main sources of income for most people, and may also be taken as key indicators of a persons social standing or success in life. Benefits, such as health care and pensions, are also important determinants of well being and financial security among employees and their dependents. Not surprisingly then, employees have sought to influence such decisions in a variety of ways, including through unions, supporting government regulation of compensation decisions, and through the courts. Then we must also study more element of strategic involved in determine whatever to attract and retain people in jobs having more unfavourable non-compensation attributes, a compensating differential (for example, higher pay or same pay) is required. Therefore, it is important to understand how individuals are affected by (and react to) different compensation decisions (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). Such as what determines variations in patterns of compensation decisions their effects. On the other hand, issues too generally drawn are too time consuming, too ambiguous, too expensive, and often poorly specified. Perhaps a place to begin is to identify compensation decisions that have strategic properties must be included in next study to elaborate more why people attracted to better compensation at organization their work for? Dyer and Theriaults (1976) also mention that in early indication of the potential importance of procedural justice, in addition to distributive justice, in compensation but many researchers has less mention about this manner. Although this particular increment was not large, procedural justice perceptions also explained variance in organizational commitment and trust in supervisor, suggesting that its influence on broader organization attitudes may be greater. Beyond descriptive research, more work is needed to understand both what determines variations in patterns of compensation decisions their effects. A major challenge is to formulate manageable research issues. Issues too narrowly defined suffer from ignoring the multi- dimensionality of compensation and the context in which compensation decisions occur. On the other hand, issues too broadly drawn are too time consuming, too ambiguous, too expensive, and often poorly specified. Perhaps a place to begin is to identify compensation decisions that have strategic properties. For example, do firms within the same industry establish different competitive positions in labour markets? Conventional wisdom is that they do. How do they accomplish thisby different average levels of base pay, by varying the risk-return tradeoffs or the ratio of incentives to total compensation? Do characteristics of organizations vary with their competitive position? These might include some of the determinants di scussed in this paper such as organization strategies, organization characteristics, and external factors. Finally does a firms competitive position have any discernable effect on the size and quality of the applicant pool, on its ability to hire those people it se